SOCS3 is a feedback regulator of cytokine signaling that affects T-cell polarization. Human tuberculosis is accompanied by increased SOCS3 expression in T cells, and this may influence susceptibility against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Because the role of SOCS3 in human T-cell function is not well defined, we characterized cytokine expression and proliferation of human T cells with differential SOCS3 expression in the present study. We established a flow cytometry–based method for SOCS3 protein quantification and detected higher SOCS3 levels induced by M tuberculosis specific T-cell activation and a transient decrease of SOCS3 expression in the presence of mycobacteria-infected macrophages. Notably increased SOCS3 expression was detected in IL-17–expressing T-cell clones and in CD161⁺ T helper type 17 cells ex vivo. Ectopic SOCS3 expression in primary CD4⁺ T cells by lentiviral transduction induced increased IL-17 production but diminished proliferation and viability. Recombinant IL-7 inhibited SOCS3 expression and reduced IL-17–expressing T-cell proportions. We concluded that higher SOCS3 expression in human T cells favors T helper type 17 cells. Therefore, increased SOCS3 expression in human tuberculosis may reflect polarization toward IL-17–expressing T cells as well as T-cell exhaustion marked by reduced proliferation.